Navigating Bulgaria's Visa and Immigration Landscape for Global Employers

Bulgaria presents a compelling opportunity for international businesses, boasting a diverse culture and a thriving commercial environment. As companies expand into this EU market, understanding the country's visa and immigration framework is essential for compliant workforce management. The Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs oversees these policies.

Since joining the EU in 2007, Bulgaria has aligned with the common EU visa policy. A significant recent development is Bulgaria's full integration into the Schengen Area as of March 31, 2024. This means unified Schengen visas issued by Bulgaria are now valid across the entire zone. Pre-existing national short-stay visas remain valid but permit travel only to Bulgaria, Romania, and Cyprus; travel to other Schengen states requires a standard Schengen visa. Importantly, long-stay visas and residence permits are exempt from these restrictions.

Key Considerations for Hiring Foreign Nationals in Bulgaria

Employers must navigate specific quotas and regulations. The number of non-EU employees in a Bulgarian company cannot exceed 20% of the average number of Bulgarian, EEA, Swiss citizens, and non-EU citizens with long-term residence employed over the past 12 months. Non-compliance carries severe penalties. For instance, employing individuals without the proper authorization can result in fines ranging from 2,000 to 20,000 Bulgarian Lev (approximately €1,025 to €10,250). In severe cases, such as employing five or more individuals illegally or knowingly employing a victim of human trafficking, criminal liability including imprisonment of up to four years may apply.

Types of Bulgarian Visas

A Visa (Airport Transit): For transiting through an international zone of a Bulgarian airport.
C Visa (Short-stay Schengen Visa): Allows stays of up to 90 days within a 180-day period for tourism, business, or family visits. It does not permit employment.
D Visa (Long-stay National Visa): A prerequisite for obtaining a residence permit, this visa is for long-term purposes like work, study, or family reunification. Holders must apply for a residence permit at the Migration Directorate within three months of arrival.

Securing Work Authorization: The Single Permit

The most common pathway for employment involves the Single Permit, which combines work and residence rights. The standard procedure involves:

The Bulgarian employer applies for a Single Permit approval from the local Employment Agency, which may include a labor market test.
Upon approval, the employee applies for a D Visa at a Bulgarian embassy or consulate in their home country.
After entering Bulgaria, the employee finalizes the residence permit process.

Alternatively, in specific cases like intra-corporate transfers, a separate work permit might be required. The Single Permit is tied to a specific employer and job role; changing employers necessitates a new application. Required documents typically include a valid passport, employment contract, company registration documents, and proof of accommodation and health insurance. The permit is usually valid for one year and can be renewed for up to three years, with an associated fee of 400 BGN paid by the employer.

D Visa Categories for Employment

Several D Visa categories are relevant for professionals:

Standard Work Visa: For individuals with a confirmed job offer and a Single Permit.
Business Visa: For entrepreneurs conducting business activities who employ at least 10 Bulgarian citizens.
Corporate Representative Visa: For individuals representing a foreign company in Bulgaria.
Investor Visa: For foreigners engaging in activities under the Foreign Investment Act.

D Visa applications should be submitted at least three months in advance and require an in-person interview. Key documents include a valid passport, completed application form, proof of comprehensive health insurance (minimum €30,000 coverage), accommodation proof, and evidence of sufficient financial means.

Costs and Processing Timeline

Visa application fees are the responsibility of the employee and are non-refundable if the application is denied. Standard fees are:

A and C Visas: €90
D Visa: €100
Long-term Residence Permit: €200

The entire process, from job offer to visa issuance, can take several months. Partnering with a global HR solutions provider like SailGlobal can streamline this complex process, ensuring compliance and efficiency for businesses expanding into Bulgaria.

Bulgaria Work Visa & Immigration Guide 2024: A Complete Overview for Employers