Global Employment Guides/Israel

SAILGLOBAL EMPLOYMENT GUIDE

2026 Israel Employment Guide: Minimum Wage, NII, Pension, Leave and Termination

2026 Israel Employment Guide: Minimum Wage, NII, Pension, Leave and Termination

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2026 POLICY UPDATE

Minimum wage increased

From April 1, 2026, the general adult minimum is NIS 6,443.85 monthly, with official hourly references of NIS 34.64 on a 186-hour basis and NIS 35.40 on a 182-hour basis, requiring updated payroll and overtime controls.

NII annual thresholds changed

From January 1, 2026, the reduced-rate boundary is NIS 7,703 and the ordinary contribution ceiling is NIS 51,910, requiring banded employee and employer calculations.

Annual-leave choice day expanded

From July 20, 2026, an employee may use a first-degree relative’s memorial day as a choice day with 30 days’ notice, deducted from the existing annual-leave balance.

Specific maternity allowance may be extended

From April 1, 2026, a qualifying case involving a newborn recognized as having a complex disability may receive five additional weeks of NII maternity allowance under the statutory conditions.

Hiring in Israel in 2026 requires coordinated management of Israel employment law, minimum wage, payroll, National Insurance Institute contributions, pension funding, working time, statutory leave and termination. Employers must also distinguish resident employees from foreign workers and keep pension contributions separate from severance funding under Section 14.

This guide is designed for Chinese companies recruiting in Israel’s technology, life-sciences, trade, engineering and professional-services sectors. It covers onboarding, employment contracts, payroll, leave, NII, pension, foreign workers, final settlement and Employer of Record arrangements. Industry extension orders, collective agreements, employee status and current government directions must still be checked for each implementation.

1. Israel Employment Compliance at a Glance in 2026

Compliance item
2026 baseline
Employer action
Minimum wage
From April 1, NIS 6,443.85 monthly; NIS 34.64 hourly on the 186-hour basis and NIS 35.40 on the 182-hour basis
Check industry extension orders and special worker standards
Normal working week
Generally 42 hours for ordinary full-time work
Calculate overtime from the actual daily and weekly schedule
Weekly rest
At least 36 consecutive hours, normally including Friday, Saturday or Sunday according to the employee’s religion
Confirm authorization, premium pay and compensatory rest
Annual leave
First five service years generally carry 16 calendar leave days, converted by five- or six-day workweek
Calculate using service and actual workdays
Sick leave
Accrues at 1.5 days monthly, commonly capped at 90; day 1 unpaid, days 2–3 at 50%, day 4 onward at 100%
Configure employer-paid stages correctly
Resident NII
2026 reduced-rate threshold NIS 7,703; contribution ceiling NIS 51,910
Calculate each wage band separately
Mandatory pension
Common minimum: employee 6%, employer pension 6.5%, employer severance component 6%
Confirm pensionable pay, existing coverage and Section 14 wording
Dismissal
A genuine hearing should normally occur before a final decision
Separate invitation, hearing, decision, notice and termination date
Foreign employees
Different NII, medical-insurance, housing, deposit and permit rules may apply
Classify status and industry before onboarding

The highest-risk errors are using the pre-April minimum wage, combining NII, health insurance, pension and severance into one “social security rate,” applying resident rates to foreign workers, miscalculating sick pay and making a dismissal decision before the hearing.

2. Three Employment and Payroll Changes Requiring Action in 2026

Change
Effective date and position
Employer action
Minimum-wage increase
From April 1, 2026, the adult monthly minimum is NIS 6,443.85; official hourly references are NIS 34.64 on a 186-hour basis and NIS 35.40 on a 182-hour basis
Update salary and hourly rates, overtime bases, quotations and post-April payroll checks
NII annual parameters
From January 1, the reduced-rate threshold is NIS 7,703 and the ordinary ceiling is NIS 51,910
Configure wage bands by residency, age and employee category
Leave-related amendments
From July 20, a first-degree relative’s memorial day becomes an annual-leave choice day; from April 1, qualifying maternity allowance may be extended by five weeks for a newborn with a complex disability
Update leave codes while separating statutory leave duration from NII benefit eligibility

The memorial choice day is deducted from the employee’s existing annual-leave balance; it is not an additional paid day. The maternity change concerns NII benefit entitlement under statutory conditions and should not be described as an automatic five-week employer-paid extension.

3. Israel’s Employment Law and Regulatory Framework

Employment obligations arise from statutes, collective agreements, extension orders, court decisions, individual contracts and administrative rules. Major laws include the Minimum Wage Law, Hours of Work and Rest Law, Annual Leave Law, Sick Pay Law, Employment of Women Law, Severance Pay Law and Advance Notice for Dismissal and Resignation Law.

Source
Legal function
Operational impact
Minimum Wage Law
National wage floor
Monthly, daily and hourly payroll testing
Hours of Work and Rest Law
Working time, overtime and weekly rest
Rosters, premiums, permits and compensatory rest
Annual Leave and Sick Pay laws
Statutory absence rights
Accrual, payment and exit treatment
Employment of Women Law and NII rules
Maternity, parenthood and dismissal protections
Leave duration and benefit entitlement require separate analysis
Severance Pay Law and Section 14
Severance entitlement and funded substitution
Determines fund ownership and potential top-up
Pension extension order
General mandatory-pension floor
Commonly employee 6%, employer pension 6.5% and employer severance 6%
Industry collective agreement or extension order
Mandatory sector-specific terms
May improve wages, leave, recuperation pay and other benefits

Israel has no universal statutory 13th- or 14th-month salary. Bonuses, meals, equity and supplementary insurance generally depend on contract, collective agreement, extension order or policy. Recuperation pay, known as dmei havra’a, may be mandatory under an extension order and should be checked separately each year.

4. Recruitment, Offers and Onboarding

Recruitment decisions must not unlawfully discriminate based on protected characteristics such as sex, pregnancy, fertility treatment, age, religion, nationality or reserve service. Background checks should be proportionate to the role and supported by appropriate notice, consent and privacy controls.

Onboarding action
Employer responsibility
Evidence
Status classification
Identify resident, non-resident, foreign-worker and special-category status
Residency and right-to-work review
Written terms or contract
State role, wage, hours and benefits within the statutory period; use a language understood by a foreign worker
Notice of terms, contract and appendices
Tax
Collect Form 101 and configure credit points
Form 101 and annual update
NII
Establish withholding and apply the correct employee category
Filing and payment receipts
Pension
Obtain existing-fund information and apply waiting or retroactive rules
Selection, enrolment and contribution evidence
Leave and safety
Establish leave accounts, weekly-rest calendar and safety training
Ledgers, training and incident records

For example, an offer of NIS 25,000 monthly to a Tel Aviv software engineer should not state only that the amount “includes all overtime and benefits.” Separate basic wage, any genuine fixed-overtime arrangement, pensionable pay, Section 14 percentage, travel expenses, bonus status and normal weekly hours. A fixed overtime allowance should correspond to reasonable hours and remain supported by actual records.

When a company continuously controls an individual’s time, place, tools and working method and expects personal and exclusive service, a contractor label may not prevent employee classification. Retroactive exposure can include minimum wage, leave, pension, severance and tax.

5. Employment Contracts, Contract Types and Probation

Contract type
Typical use
Main risk
Indefinite-term
Continuing positions
Dismissal normally requires hearing, notice and settlement
Fixed-term
Defined period, project or replacement
Non-renewal may amount to dismissal; early termination may create remaining-term damages
Project or temporary
Identifiable output or short-term need
Repeated renewal can evidence a continuing employment relationship
Part-time or hourly
Reduced or variable hours
Minimum wage, leave, pension and notice still apply

Written employment terms should identify the employer, position, reporting line, start date, duration, wage components, pay date, normal hours, weekly rest, social contributions and termination rules. Foreign workers should receive a written contract in a language they understand.

Natural expiry and early termination of a fixed-term contract require different analysis. Non-renewal may be treated as dismissal for severance purposes, particularly when the employer does not make a timely renewal offer. Salary reductions, lower pensionable pay, cancellation of fixed allowances and material changes to duties or workplace should follow written consultation and notice procedures.

There is no single statutory maximum probation period covering every ordinary private-sector role. Any probationary period should be reasonable and documented, with the applicable collective agreement checked. Probationary employees retain minimum-wage, leave-accrual, NII, pension-waiting-period, non-discrimination, hearing and statutory-notice protections.

6. Wages, Minimum Wage and Gross-to-Net Payroll

From April 1, 2026, the general adult monthly minimum wage is NIS 6,443.85. Official hourly references distinguish NIS 34.64 for a 186-hour month and NIS 35.40 for a 182-hour month. Youth rates, adjusted wages for workers with disabilities, sector orders, foreign-expert thresholds and collective agreements may impose different or higher standards.

Scenario
Calculation or test
Employer control
Full-time monthly employee
At least NIS 6,443.85 for a full month
Verify eligible wage components
Hourly employee
Actual ordinary hours × applicable hourly minimum
Test every payroll period
Part-time employee
Actual hours or contractual full-time equivalent
Part-time work does not remove the hourly floor
Sector-covered worker
Compare the national floor and applicable extension order
Apply the higher mandatory standard
Fixed overtime
Separate ordinary wage from genuine overtime consideration
Retain covered-hours and reasonableness evidence

Illustrative minimum-pay calculation. An hourly employee works 170 ordinary hours in May 2026. Using the source page’s NIS 34.64 hourly basis, minimum ordinary pay is 170 × NIS 34.64 = NIS 5,888.80. Overtime, weekly-rest or holiday work, travel and other entitlements are additional. For an employee governed by the 182-hour reference, the employer must instead test the official NIS 35.40 hourly amount.

Payslips should separately show basic wage, ordinary hours, overtime, holidays, annual leave, sick leave, bonuses, travel, pension, severance funding, NII, health insurance, income tax and lawful deductions. Employer NII, employer pension, severance funding, recruitment costs and ordinary business expenses must not be transferred to the employee.

7. Working Time, Overtime and Records

Item
General rule
Practical control
Standard working week
42 hours
Allocate accurately over five or six working days
Common five-day pattern
Four days of approximately 8 hours 36 minutes plus one shorter day
Check sector and workplace arrangement
First two overtime hours
125% of normal hourly wage
Test daily overtime before weekly totals
Later overtime hours
150% of normal hourly wage
Observe daily and weekly limits and permits
Weekly-rest or holiday work
Generally at least 150%, potentially with compensatory rest
Confirm permit, religion and applicable arrangement
Weekly rest
At least 36 continuous hours
Normally includes Friday, Saturday or Sunday according to religion

Monthly employees may also qualify for overtime unless they genuinely fall within a statutory exemption. A managerial title alone is insufficient; employers should review actual authority, the degree of special trust and whether working time can be supervised.

Employers must provide a safe workplace, training, protective measures and incident reporting. Reserve duty, emergency conditions, homeworking and civil-defence arrangements can trigger special protections and compensation. Follow current Home Front Command, Ministry of Labour and NII instructions during a security event.

8. Public Holidays, Annual Leave and Other Statutory Leave

Annual leave

The Annual Leave Law expresses entitlement in consecutive calendar leave days. Weekly-rest days are not actual absence workdays, so the net entitlement differs between five- and six-day schedules.

Service year
Statutory calendar days
Common net days on five-day week
Common net days on six-day week
Years 1–5
16
12
14
Year 6
18
14
16
Year 7
21
15
18
Year 8
22
16
19
Year 9 onward
Increases by one yearly, up to 28
Generally up to 20
Generally up to 24

Entitlement may be prorated where employment does not cover a complete year or actual working days fall below the statutory threshold. From July 20, 2026, an employee may give 30 days’ notice to use a first-degree relative’s memorial day as a choice day, deducted from the existing annual-leave balance.

Sick leave

Employees generally accrue 1.5 sick days per month, up to 90 days, unless more favourable terms apply.

Sick-leave stage
Statutory payment
Payer
Day 1
0%
Generally unpaid unless better terms apply
Days 2–3
50%
Employer
Day 4 onward
100%
Employer within the available balance

A six-day continuous sickness absence with sufficient balance therefore produces pay equivalent to four daily wages: zero for day 1, 50% for days 2 and 3, and 100% for days 4–6. NII does not ordinarily take over standard sick pay from day 3, and unused sick leave is not normally cashed out at termination unless another binding source provides otherwise.

Maternity and parenthood

An employee with at least 12 months at the same employer or workplace generally receives 26 weeks of maternity and parenthood leave; shorter service generally produces 15 weeks. Leave length does not equal fully paid time. Depending on contribution history, NII ordinarily provides maternity allowance for 15 or eight weeks. From April 1, 2026, a qualifying case involving a newborn recognized as having a complex disability may receive a five-week benefit extension.

Common Jewish holiday system in 2026

An employee generally selects the holiday system corresponding to their religion and, when eligible, commonly receives nine paid holidays annually. The ordinary private-sector Jewish holiday system commonly includes:

2026 date
Holiday
Payroll note
April 2
First day of Passover
The holiday eve is not automatically a full holiday
April 8
Seventh day of Passover
Check overlap with weekly rest
April 22
Independence Day
Statutory holiday
May 22
Shavuot
Falls on Friday
September 12–13
Rosh Hashanah, two days
Falls on Saturday and Sunday; apply workweek and eligibility rules
September 21
Yom Kippur
Falls on Monday
September 26
First day of Sukkot
Falls on Saturday
October 3
Shemini Atzeret or Simchat Torah
Falls on Saturday

Purim, Tu Bishvat, Tisha B’Av and intermediate festival days are not automatically paid statutory holidays for every private-sector employee. Civil-service choice days, shortened hours and collective shutdowns must not be copied automatically into a private employer’s calendar.

9. Employer Social Security, Mandatory Benefits and Tax

Resident payroll contains at least four separate funding streams: employee national insurance, employee health insurance, employer national insurance, and pension plus severance funding. Foreign non-residents use different NII rates and may also require private medical insurance, housing and industry deposits.

2026 resident employee NII and health insurance

Monthly wage band
Employee NII
Employee health insurance
Employee total
Employer NII
Up to NIS 7,703
1.04%
3.23%
4.27%
4.51%
Above NIS 7,703 up to NIS 51,910
7.00%
5.17%
12.17%
7.60%
Above NIS 51,910
Generally no further ordinary NII or health contribution
Same
Same
Same

Age, controlling-shareholder status, pension receipt, the date residency begins and international social-security agreements can change the applicable rate.

Mandatory pension and Section 14

Component
Common minimum
Payer
Meaning
Employee pension
6%
Employee
Withheld and deposited by employer
Employer pension
6.5%
Employer
May include applicable risk-insurance cost
Severance component
6%
Employer
Mandatory monthly minimum; not automatically the full 8.33%
Full Section 14 severance funding
8.33%
Employer
Requires valid written application and can replace corresponding severance liability

An employee with an active pension arrangement on joining generally receives contributions after three months retroactive to the start date, and no later than the end of the tax year. Without existing coverage, the common waiting period is six months. Section 14 does not mean that a 6% deposit always eliminates top-up liability. Where full severance is due, review the difference up to 8.33% and any uncovered wage or service period.

Illustrative monthly cost for a resident employee earning NIS 20,000

Assume the full NIS 20,000 is pensionable, employer severance funding is 6%, and income tax, recuperation pay, overtime and other benefits are excluded.

Item
Calculation
Amount
Employee NII and health insurance
7,703 × 4.27% + 12,297 × 12.17%
Approximately NIS 1,825.46
Employee pension
20,000 × 6%
NIS 1,200
Employer NII
7,703 × 4.51% + 12,297 × 7.60%
Approximately NIS 1,281.98
Employer pension
20,000 × 6.5%
NIS 1,300
Employer severance funding
20,000 × 6%
NIS 1,200
Known employer-cost subtotal
20,000 + 1,281.98 + 1,300 + 1,200
Approximately NIS 23,781.98

If a valid full 8.33% Section 14 arrangement applies, monthly severance funding is approximately NIS 1,666 and the known subtotal is approximately NIS 24,247.98. Employee income tax must be calculated from annual brackets and Form 101 credit points, not a flat percentage.

10. Local Employees and Foreign Employees

Worker category
Main obligations to confirm
Israeli resident employee
NII, health insurance, income tax, pension and severance funding
Chinese assignee or foreign expert
Work permit, salary threshold, private medical insurance, housing, industry deposit and tax residence
Short-term business visitor
Activities must not become productive employment; retain scope and itinerary evidence
Cross-border remote employee
Potential Israeli wage, NII, tax, permanent-establishment and data obligations

For an ordinary foreign resident in 2026, common NII wage bands are: up to NIS 7,703, employee 0.10% and employer 0.75%; above that amount up to NIS 51,910, employee 0.87% and employer 2.65%. Different treatment may apply to workers from treaty countries, Palestinian workers and employees in caregiving, agriculture, construction or another regulated sector.

The availability of an EOR does not establish that every foreign-worker permit can be sponsored through that EOR. Review the employee’s status, occupation, industry and permit route separately.

11. Remote Work, Data Privacy and Record Retention

Long-term remote work in Israel for a foreign company can trigger local minimum-wage, working-time, NII, tax, permanent-establishment and data-protection obligations. If an overseas employer does not withhold, a resident may have personal NII reporting duties, but that should not be treated as the company’s default compliance model.

Record category
Core documents
Employment relationship
Contract, notice of terms, job description and wage or workplace changes
Payroll and hours
Attendance, overtime, payslips, bank payment and corrections
Social funding
NII filings and pension and severance-fund receipts
Leave and protection
Annual leave, sickness, maternity, reserve service and supporting evidence
Termination
Hearing invitation, disclosed materials, minutes, decision, notice, Form 161 and settlement

Health, religion, family and reserve-service information is highly sensitive. Before cross-border transfer, document purpose, data minimization, access, security, retention and deletion. Remote-work terms should address location, equipment, availability, time recording, expenses, monitoring, information security and accident reporting.

12. Termination, Severance and Final Settlement

Israel does not use a closed statutory list of grounds for every ordinary dismissal, but the employer should have a genuine, good-faith and non-discriminatory reason and provide a genuine pre-decision hearing.

Stage
Employer action
Main control
Classify the exit
Distinguish probation, performance, discipline, redundancy, fixed-term expiry, early termination and agreement
Use the correct legal route
Check protection
Pregnancy, fertility treatment, return from leave, sickness, reserve duty, injury, whistleblowing and union activity
Obtain any required approval
Prepare proposal
Identify reasons, facts and evidence without making an irreversible decision
Keep decision-making open
Invite to hearing
Give reasonable preparation time, reasons and materials, and permit representation
Preserve delivery evidence
Conduct hearing
Listen genuinely and record new facts and alternatives
Keep complete minutes
Decide
Deliberate after the hearing and issue the decision and notice separately
Avoid a predetermined outcome
Settle
Wage, notice, leave, recuperation pay, pension, severance, Form 161 and assets
Reconcile payroll and fund records

For monthly employees, statutory notice is generally one day per service month during the first six months; during months 7–12, six days plus 2.5 days for each month in that period; and one month after one year. Daily and hourly employees use a different progressive table and generally reach one month after three years.

An employee dismissed after at least one continuous year generally qualifies for severance based on the final qualifying monthly wage multiplied by years of service. Resignation does not normally trigger statutory severance, but exceptions can apply to health, childcare, material deterioration of terms and specified relocation.

Illustrative final settlement

Assume monthly salary of NIS 20,000, four service years, eight unused working days of annual leave, ordinary dismissal and valid 8.33% full-salary Section 14 coverage. Daily pay is illustrated as salary ÷ 21.67.

Item
Calculation
Amount
Earned current-period wage
Full payroll period
NIS 20,000
Pay in lieu of notice
One month after one year
NIS 20,000
Unused annual leave
20,000 ÷ 21.67 × 8
Approximately NIS 7,383
Severance fund
20,000 × 8.33% × 48 months
Approximately NIS 79,968, handled through the fund
Cash wage-settlement subtotal
Excludes fund, tax, commission and recuperation pay
Approximately NIS 47,383

If only 6% was deposited, the fund is approximately NIS 57,600. The employer cannot automatically declare severance fully settled; employee eligibility and a potential top-up of approximately NIS 22,368 must be checked. Early fixed-term termination may also create remaining-term loss, while an unlawful dismissal or defective hearing can result in additional compensation.

13. Hiring Model: Entity, EOR or Payroll Outsourcing

Model
Suitable use
Main control
Local entity
Long-term operation, growing headcount and direct employment control
Tax, NII, pension, payroll infrastructure and ongoing governance
Employer of Record
Small-scale or transitional hiring
Entity eligibility, permits, management boundaries, hearing and termination responsibility
Payroll outsourcing
Existing local employer needs calculation and filing support
Employer liability remains; audit time, rates, filings and payment receipts
Independent contractor
Genuine independent business and outcome-based service
Review actual control, economic dependency and personal service

Staffing and manpower companies may require licensing and can be subject to tenure, equal-treatment and transfer rules. A client may still carry working-time, safety, discrimination or joint-employer exposure. EOR is not a way to bypass employment law, work authorization, pension or the dismissal hearing.

sailglobal can support hiring-model assessment, preliminary cost modelling and local payroll coordination. Final feasibility must use the employing entity, worker status, role, work location, permit route, wage structure, fund arrangements and intended management model.

14. Common Israel Employment Risks for Chinese Companies

Risk
Typical error
Control
Outdated minimum wage
Continuing the pre-April 2026 rate
Apply NIS 6,443.85 monthly and the correct official hourly reference
Wrong hourly basis
Using NIS 34.64 without checking the 182-hour NIS 35.40 reference
Match the employee’s lawful monthly-hours basis
Single NII percentage
Applying one rate across total salary
Split pay at NIS 7,703 and stop ordinary contributions at NIS 51,910
Combining funding streams
Treating NII, health, pension and severance as one social-security rate
Show payer, base, rate and legal purpose separately
Resident rate applied to foreign worker
Ignoring status and industry rules
Classify residency, treaty status, permit and sector before payroll
Incomplete foreign-worker cost
Omitting medical insurance, housing or industry deposit
Build an employee-specific mandatory-cost schedule
Six percent treated as full severance
Assuming Section 14 always eliminates top-up
Check written application, rate, pensionable wage and covered service
Pension waiting period ignored
Missing retroactive contributions for a worker with existing coverage
Collect fund details at onboarding and calendar the deadline
Unlimited included overtime
Using a broad salary clause without time records
Separate genuine overtime consideration and track actual hours
Incorrect sick-pay stages
Treating NII as payer from day 3
Configure employer payment at 0%, 50%, 50% and then 100%
Wrong holiday entitlement
Copying civil-service choice days or all Jewish calendar dates
Apply the employee’s selected religious system and eligibility rules
Choice day treated as extra leave
Adding a new paid day after July 20
Deduct the memorial choice day from the existing balance
Predetermined dismissal
Issuing a decision before the hearing
Invite, disclose, listen, deliberate and then decide
Fixed-term expiry confused with early termination
Ending early without analysing remaining-term exposure
Separate expiry, non-renewal and early termination
Contractor misclassification
Controlling an integrated worker under a service agreement
Test control, dependency, tools, exclusivity and personal service
EOR assumed to sponsor every permit
Treating employment feasibility as immigration approval
Assess EOR and work authorization independently
Weak data controls
Exporting health, religion or reserve-duty data without safeguards
Document purpose, access, security, transfer and retention
Incomplete final settlement
Omitting leave, recuperation pay, fund reconciliation or Form 161
Use an evidence-backed exit checklist


VERIFIED REFERENCES

Official Sources & Further Reading

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

From April 1, 2026, the general adult minimum wage is NIS 6,443.85 monthly. Official hourly references are NIS 34.64 for a 186-hour month and NIS 35.40 for a 182-hour month. Sector or worker-specific standards may be higher.

The ordinary full-time working week is generally 42 hours. Overtime should first be assessed against the daily schedule and then against the weekly total and applicable permits.

No. In 2026, the reduced-rate threshold for an ordinary resident employee is NIS 7,703 and the ordinary contribution ceiling is NIS 51,910. Employee and employer rates apply separately to each wage band.

No. The ordinary statutory pattern is day 1 unpaid, days 2 and 3 at 50% paid by the employer, and day 4 onward at 100% paid by the employer within the available balance.

There is no single maximum covering every ordinary private-sector position. The agreed period should be reasonable, and probation does not remove hearing, notice, minimum-wage, pension or non-discrimination rights.

No. The employer must check the written Section 14 arrangement, deposit rate, pensionable base and covered service. Where full severance is due, a 6% deposit may leave a difference up to 8.33%.

Not automatically. NII, private medical insurance, housing, deposits, pension and severance treatment depend on residency, industry and permit route.

That approach is unsafe. The hearing must occur before the final decision, with advance disclosure of the proposed reasons and a genuinely open decision-making process.

An EOR may be assessed, but legal-employer eligibility, worker status, foreign-worker authorization, payroll, pension and severance funding, management boundaries, hearing and termination responsibility require case-specific confirmation.